COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF ATMOSPHERE

Atmosphere is a mixture of different gases and it envelopes the earth all round. It contains life-giving gases like oxygen for humans and animals and carbon dioxide for plants. The air is... Read more »

GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES

The endogenic and exogenic forces causing physical stresses and chemical actions on earth materials and bringing about changes in the configuration of the surface of the earth are known as geomorphic processes.... Read more »

CONTINENTS AND PLATE TECTONICS

CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY From the known records of the history of science, it was Abraham Ortelius, a Dutch map maker, who first proposed such a possibility as early as 1596. Antonio Pellegrini... Read more »

INTERIOR OF THE EARTH

SOURCES OF INFORMATION Direct Sources The most easily available solid earth material is surface rock or the rocks we get from mining areas. Gold mines in South Africa are as deep as... Read more »

ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE EARTH

THEORY ON EVOLUTION Origin of the Earth: A large number of hypotheses were put forth by different philosophers and scientists regarding the origin of the earth. One of the earlier and popular... Read more »

INDIAN CLIMATE- Part 2

CLIMATIC SEASONS OF INDIA The climatic conditions of India can best be described in terms of an annual cycle of seasons. The meteorologists recognise the following four seasons : (i) the cold... Read more »

INDIAN CLIMATE- Part 1

FACTORS AFFECTING INDIAN CLIMATE Latitude You already know the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of the land of India. You also know that the Tropic of Cancer passes through the central part of... Read more »

INDIAN NATURAL VEGETATION

OVERVIEW Natural vegetation refers to a plant community that has been left undisturbed over a long time, so as to allow its individual species to adjust themselves to climate and soil conditions... Read more »

INDIAN SOILS

OVERVIEW India is a country of vast dimensions with varied conditions of geology, relief, climate and vegetation. Therefore, India has a large variety of soil groups, distinctly different from one another. Different... Read more »